i've been reading a bunch of isaiah berlin lately, squeezing in paragraphs here and there. i have taught him in political philosophy and knew him from "two concepts of liberty" (and maybe"'the hedgehod and the fox," etc). these are good essays, but not earth-shaking, and in running through "two concepts" a number of times, i came to think that it was fundamentally unclear and not particularly original.
however, i swiped a copy of the roots of romanticism from my ma and was blown away. so i've turned toward the pure intellectual history side or the oeuvre, e.g. against the current. roots is a set of lectures, a brilliant introduction to late eighteenth-century german philosophy. berlin can give the most crystalline statement of the philosophy of kant or herder, for example. in a few paragraphs, he gets to the absolute center. but then there is also a point of view, which is slightly elusive but subversive.
one "controversy" that surrounds berlin's work in history of ideas concerns his taxonomies and periodizations. so, for example, he is perfectly willing to speak of "the enlightenment" and "romanticism." he says clearly what they are. but it is always the fashion to question or pulverize such general categories, which are indeed unbelievably crude instruments at best but also for one thing anachronistic: a lot of people might try to find the categories in which the writers arrayed themselves or one another, introduce more fine-grained systems etc. but i would say that probably the question is pragmatic, more or less, and berlin more than shows that there is work in these old war-horses.
one berlin contribution is the idea of the "counter-enlightenment," which has come in for much criticism (and which i would worry in various ways), but which is extremely useful. so: the enlightenment is represented by (descartes and newton and) voltaire - reason as the only legitimate source of knowledge and policy, a claim to speak on behalf of or from the point of view of universal mankind, utilitarian ethics, and so on. the counter-enlightenment is a freakshow of fideists, relativists, subjectivists, and irrationalists: vico (a berlin obsession), herder, montesquieu (!?), and berlin's great discovery johann georg hamann, the anti-kant. one might mention pascal as a precursor and kierkegaard as a successor of this (non-)movement, and indeed berlin draws the connection all the way to the twentieth century existentialists. as well, of course, as to romanticism, which it essentially is.
well now. one has to give the usual caveat about how different all these figures and trends are from one another, but this is good stuff: a place to start. berlin comes across as an urbane oxford don on the page, but his affection for the irrationalist tendency is quite palpable. not only that, but berlin was best friends with the best philosopher of the twentieth century, j.l. austin.
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